Investigations on the effects of mouthrinses on the colour stability and surface roughness of different dental bioceramics

PURPOSE: In this study, three bioceramic materials, [IPS Empress CAD (Ivoclar), IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar), and Lava Ultimate CAD (3M ESPE)] were treated with three commercial mouthrinses [Listerine, Tantum Verde, and Klorhex]; and changes in colour reflectance and surface roughness values were then quantitatively assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty ceramic samples, with dimensions of 2 × 12 × 14 mm, were prepared and divided into nine sample groups, except three control samples. The samples were immersed in the mouthrinse solutions for 120 hrs, and changes in colour reflectance and surface roughness values were measured by UV light spectrophotometry (Vita Easyshade; VITA Zahnfabrik) and by profilometer device (MitutoyoSurftest SJ-301), respectively. The change of surface roughness was inspected by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between the ΔE and increase in the surface roughness. Two of the ceramic materials, IPS Empress and Lava Ultimate, were affected significantly by the treatment of the mouthrinse solutions (P<.05). The most affecting solution was Tantum Verde and the most affected material was Lava Ultimate. As expected, the most resistant material to ΔE and chemical corrosion was IPS e max CAD among the materials used. CONCLUSION: This work implied that mouthrinse with lower alcohol content had less deteriorating effect on colour and on the surface morphology of the bioceramic materials.

Emergency room cases of mushroom poisoning

To describe the pattern of mushroom poisoning in adults. We investigated patients presenting at the Emergency Room, Medical School Hospital, Cumhuriyet University, Turkey between 1999 and 2003 with complaints of mushroom poisoning. They were kept under observation in the emergency unit and Anesthesia Department intensive care unit. We evaluated the demographical features of the patients, laboratory data, vital signs, and applied treatment and results. Seventy-eight patients aged between 19-72 [40.27 +/- 16.09] were studied, 52 were females [67%], and 26 were males [33%]. It was established that 90% [70] of the patients had picked wild mushrooms, and 67.9% [53] had done so in springtime. Methods of cooking were as follows: 30 patients [38.4%] grilled the mushrooms, 28 patients [35.8%] stir fried, and 20 patients [25.6%] consumed mushrooms uncooked. Onset of symptoms was mostly [43.5%] within the first hour of consumption. The most common [42.3%] symptoms were gastrointestinal complaints. Upon examining laboratory results, 17.9% revealed variations in hematological parameters, impairment in renal functions in 6 patients [7.6%], hematuria in 10 patients [12.8%] and 15.3% had primarily elevated liver enzymes. Seventy-four patients [97%] completely recovered and were discharged. However, 2 patients [2.8%] who consumed raw mushrooms died due to acute hepatic failure. There was a 20-year-old patient at week 31 of her first pregnancy who had consumed uncooked wild mushrooms. She developed gastrointestinal symptoms and mild loss of consciousness within the first half hour. She received quadruple therapy and completely recovered. The results of the study indicated that the public, as well as the cultivators, were rather unconcerned and uneducated regarding this issue. Efforts aimed at overcoming this problem will decrease the number of mushroom poisoning cases, will help to save on treatment costs, and more importantly, reduce patient mortality